Microbiology

Introduction The evaluation of the different climatic conditions and the mean kinetic temperature (MKT) by each of the 194 WHO member states resulted in the recommended storage conditions for long-term…

Introduction The appearance, physical attributes and functionality of the pharmaceutical product are as important as chemical stability. There is a wide variety of finished drug products, and it is fair…

Introduction The stability of a pharmaceutical product is a relative concept, in that it is dependent on the protectiveness of the container closure system, the recommended storage conditions and the…

The growth and multiplication of bacteria can be examined in terms of individual cells or populations of cells. During the cell division cycle a bacterium assimilates nutrients from the surrounding medium…

Bacterial cells contain approximately 80% water by weight and this accounts for their very low refractility, i.e. they are transparent when viewed under ordinary transmitted light. Consequently, in order to…

Shape, size and aggregation Bacteria occur in a variety of shapes and sizes, determined not only by the nature of the organisms themselves but also by the way in which…

Rickettsiaceae, Coxiellaceae and Bartonellaceae The families Rickettsiaceae, Coxiellaceae and Bartonellaceae include a number of clinically important genera, Rickettsia, Coxiella and Bartonella. Although these are prokaryotic cells, they differ from most other…

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and are vital components in the cycle of life. The majority are free-living organisms growing on dead or decaying matter whose prime function is the turnover of…